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When a cloth is dried on a line, impurities concentrate on both evaporating surfaces; however, more impurities will deposit on whichever surface dries faster. Any concentration of impurities can take part in the image-formation reactions. This can explain the "doubly superficial" image.
The University of Tennessee maintains an experimental area where observations are made on decomposing corpses. They find that flies lay their eggs in wounds on dead bodies, and maggots appear before 30 hours at about 23ºC. This approximates the time required for liquid decomposition products to begin to appear on the surface of a body. … Continue reading
Prof. Alan Adler of Western Connecticut University found that the image color could be reduced with a diimide reagent, leaving colorless, undamaged linen fibers behind. This confirmed spectral data that indicated that the image color was a result of complex conjugated double bonds; however, it proved that image color was found only on the outer … Continue reading
Archaeologists use many different methods to estimate the age of artifacts and/or soil strata that contain artifacts. One of the most important ways is to observe changes in technology: methods used to make tools change with time. There is a big difference between the hand axes made during the Paleolithic and fine arrow points made … Continue reading
[Answer for this question is the same as for The 2002 restoration consequences] Although the fire of 1532 nearly destroyed the Shroud, it created opportunities for many types of chemical studies. We would never use the same destructive methods of observation on an undamaged relic, but misadventure gave us many unexpected options. The important fact … Continue reading
[Answer for this question is the same as for The 1532 fire and image properties] Although the fire of 1532 nearly destroyed the Shroud, it created opportunities for many types of chemical studies. We would never use the same destructive methods of observation on an undamaged relic, but misadventure gave us many unexpected options. The … Continue reading
Flax fibers look like small lengths of bamboo under a microscope. The gross internal composition of a flax fiber is shown in the figure (after Cardamone). The cellulose molecules in flax fibers are folded back and forth in a fairly regular arrangement, and they show the properties of crystallinity. The fibers are composed of closely … Continue reading
The image is extremely faint and difficult to see. Much more detail can be seen in contrast-enhanced and ultraviolet photographs; however, they are somewhat misleading to studies on image formation. Whatever produced the image color did not produce very much color. Scientific observations were planned in order to learn as much as possible about the … Continue reading
No. Stephen Mattingly of the University of Texas has proposed a hypothesis that a "bioplastic" coating on the Shroud produced an error in the 14C analysis that was used in obtaining the 1988 age estimate for the Shroud of Turin. He also proposed that common skin bacteria produced the image. I believe that there are … Continue reading
A good discussion of this problem was presented by Harry Gove in the paper that presented the bioplastic-polymer hypothesis [Gove, Mattingly, David, and Garza-Valdes, Nuc. Inst. and Methods in Physics Res. B, 123 (1997) 504-507]. It would be important to know when the contamination appeared in order to know how much effect it would have … Continue reading
Shroud of Turin Story 